《材料科学与工程基础（英文）》PPT课件 南京航空航天大学 冯晓梅

 
课件内容： 
Introduction 
Learning Objectives: After studying this chapter  you should be able to do the following: 1. List six different property classifications of materials that determine their applicability. 2. Cite the four components that are involved in the design  production  and utilization of materials  and briefly describe the interrelationships between these components. 3. Cite three criteria that are important in the materials selection process. 4. (a) List the three primary classifications of solid materials  and then cite the distinctive chemical feature of each. (b) Note the four types of advanced materials and  for each  its distinctive feature(s). 5. (a) Briefly define smart material/system. (b) Briefly explain the concept of nanotechnology as it applies to materials. 
1.1 Historical Perspective 
1.2 Materials Science and Engineering 
1.3 Why Study Materials Science and Engineering? 
1.4 Classification of Materials 
1.5 Advanced Materials 
1.6 Modern Materials’ Needs 
1.7 Processing/Structure/Properties/ Performance Correlations 
Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding 
Learning Objectives：After studying this chapter  you should be able to do the following:1. Name the two atomic models cited  and note the differences between them.2. Describe the important quantum-mechanical principle that relates to electron energies.3. (a) Schematically plot attractive  repulsive  and net energies versus interatomic separation for two atoms or ions.(b) Note on this plot the equilibrium separation and the bonding energy.4. (a) Briefly describe ionic  covalent  metallic  hydrogen  and van der Waals bonds.(b) Note which materials exhibit each of these bonding types. 
2.1 Introduction 
2.2 Fundamental Concepts 
2.3 Electrons in Atoms 
2.4 The Periodic Table 
2.5 Bonding Forces and Energies 
2.6 Primary Interatomic Bonds 
2.7 Secondary Bonding or van der Waals Bonding 
2.8 Mixed Bonding  
2.9 Molecules  
2.10 Bonding Type-Materials Classification Correlations 
The Structure of Crystalline Solids  
Learning Objectives: After studying this chapter  you should be able to do the following: 1. Describe the difference in atomic/molecular structure between crystalline and noncrystalline materials. 2. D raw unit cells for face-centered cubic  body centered cubic  and hexagonal close-packed crystal structures. 3. Derive the relationships between unit cell edge length and atomic radius for face-centered cubic and body-centered cubic crystal structures. 4. Compute the densities for metals having face centered cubic and body-centered cubic crystal structures given their unit cell dimensions. 5. Given three direction index integers  sketch the direction corresponding to these indices within a unit cell. 6. Specify the Miller indices for a plane that has been drawn within a unit cell. 7. Describe how face-centered cubic and hexagonal close-packed crystal structures may be generated by the stacking of close-packed planes of atoms. 8. Distinguish between single crystals and polycrystalline materials. 9. Define isotropy and anisotropy with respect to material properties. 
3.1 Introduction 
3.2 Fundamental Concepts 
3.3 Unit Cells 
3.4 Metallic Crystal Structures 
3.5 Density Computations  
3.6 Polymorphism and Allotropy 
3.7 Crystal Systems  
3.8 Point Coordinates 
3.9 Crystallographic Directions 
3.10 Crystallographic Planes  
3.11 Linear and Planar Densities  
3.12 Close-Packed Crystal Structures  
3.13 Single Crystals 
3.14 Polycrystalline Materials 
3.15 Anisotropy  
3.16 X-Ray Diffraction: Determination of Crystal Structures  
Imperfections in Solids 
Learning Objectives: After studying this chapter  you should be able to do the following: 1. Describe both vacancy and self-interstitial crystalline defects. 2. Calculate the equilibrium number of vacancies in a material at some specified temperature  given the relevant constants. 3. Name the two types of solid solutions and provide a brief written definition and/or schematic sketch of each. 4. Given the masses and atomic weights of two or more elements in a metal alloy  calculate the weight percent and atom percent for each element. 5. For each of edge  screw  and mixed dislocations: (a) describe and make a drawing of the dislocation  (b) note the location of the dislocation line  and (c) indicate the direction along which the dislocation line extends. 6. Describe the atomic structure within the vicinity of (a) a grain boundary and (b) a twin boundary. 
4.1 Introduction  
4.2 Vacancies and Self-Interstitials  
4.3 Impurities in Solids 
4.4 Specification of Composition 
4.5 Dislocations—Linear Defects 
4.6 Interfacial Defects  
4.7 Bulk or Volume Defects  
4.8 Atomic Vibrations  
4.9 Basic Concepts of Microscopy  
4.10 Microscopic Techniques 
4.11 Grain-Size Determination  
Diffusion  
Learning Objectives: After studying this chapter  you should be able to do the following:1. Name and describe the two atomic mechanisms of diffusion. 2. Distinguish between steady-state and non-steady-state diffusion.3. (a) W rite Fick’s first and second laws in equation form and define all parameters. (b) Note the kind of diffusion for which each of these equations is normally applied. 4. Write the solution to Fick’s second law for diffusion into a semi-infinite solid when the concentration of diffusing species at the surface is held constant. Define all parameters in this equation.5. Calculate the diffusion coefficient for a material at a specified temperature  given the appropriate diffusion constants. 
5.1 Introduction 
5.2 Diffusion Mechanisms 
5.3 Fick’s First Law  
5.4 Fick’s Second Law—Nonsteady-State Diffusion 
5.5 Factors That Influence Diffusion 
5.6 Diffusion in Semiconducting Materials  
5.7 Other Diffusion Paths 
Mechanical Properties of Metals 
Learning Objectives:After studying this chapter  you should be able to do the following: 1. Define engineering stress and engineering strain. 2. State Hooke’s law and note the conditions under which it is valid. 3. Define Poisson’s ratio. 4. Given an engineering stress–strain diagram  determine (a) the modulus of elasticity  (b) the yield strength (0.002 strain offset)  and (c) the tensile strength and (d) estimate the percentage elongation. 5. For the tensile deformation of a ductile cylindrical specimen  describe changes in specimen profile to the point of fracture.6. Compute ductility in terms of both percentage elongation and percentage reduction of area for a material that is loaded in tension to fracture. 7. Give brief definitions of and the units for modulus of resilience and toughness (static). 8. For a specimen being loaded in tension  given the applied load  the instantaneous cross-sectional dimensions  and original and instantaneous lengths  be able to compute true stress and true strain values.9. Name the two most common hardness-testing techniques; note two differences between them. 10. (a) Name and briefly describe the two different micro-indentation hardness testing techniques  and (b) cite situations for which these techniques are generally used. 11. Compute the working stress for a ductile material. 
6.1 Introduction 
6.2 Concepts of Stress and Strain  
6.3 Stress–Strain Behavior 
6.4 Anelasticity 
6.5 Elastic Properties of Materials 
6.6 Tensile Properties  
6.7 True Stress and Strain 
6.8 Elastic Recovery After Plastic Deformation  
6.9 Hardness 
Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms 
Learning Objectives: After studying this chapter  you should be able to do the following: 1. Describe edge and screw dislocation motion from an atomic perspective. 2. Describe how plastic deformation occurs by the motion of edge and screw dislocations in response to applied shear stresses. 3. Define slip system and cite one example.4. Describe how the grain structure of a polycrystalline metal is altered when it is plastically deformed. 5. Explain how grain boundaries impede dislocation motion and why a metal having small grains is stronger than one having large grains. 6. Describe and explain solid-solution strengthening for substitutional impurity atoms in terms of lattice strain interactions with dislocations. 7. Describe and explain the phenomenon of strain hardening (or cold working) in terms of dislocations and strain field interactions. 8. Describe recrystallization in terms of both the alteration of microstructure and mechanical characteristics of the material. 9. Describe the phenomenon of grain growth from both macroscopic and atomic perspectives. 
7.1 Introduction  
7.2 Basic Concepts 
7.3 Characteristics of Dislocations 
7.4 Slip Systems 
7.5 Slip in Single Crystals 
7.6 Strengthening by Grain Size Reduction 
7.7 Solid-Solution Strengthening  
7.8 Strain Hardening 
7.9 Recovery\\Recrystallization\\ Grain Growth 
Phase Diagrams 
Learning Objectives: After studying this chapter  you should be able to do the following: 1. (a) Schematically sketch simple isomorphous and eutectic phase diagrams. (b) O n these diagrams  label the various phase regions. (c) Label liquidus  solidus  and solvus lines. 2. Given a binary phase diagram  the composition of an alloy  and its temperature; and assuming that the alloy is at equilibrium  determine the following: (a) what phase(s) is (are) present  (b) the composition(s) of the phase(s)  and (c) the mass fraction(s) of the phase(s).3. F or some given binary phase diagram  do the following: (a) locate the temperatures and compositions of all eutectic  eutectoid  peritectic  and congruent phase transformations; and (b) w rite reactions for all these transformations for either heating or cooling. 4. Given the composition of an iron–carbon alloy containing between 0.022 and 2.14 wt% C  be able to (a) specify whether the alloy is hypoeutectoid or hypereutectoid  (b) name the proeutectoid phase  (c) compute the mass fractions of proeutectoid phase and pearlite  and (d) make a schematic diagram of the microstructure at a temperature just below the eutectoid. 
8.1 Introduction  
8.2 Solubility Limit 
8.3 Phases  
8.4 Microstructure 
8.5 Phase Equilibria 
8.6 One-Component (or Unary) Phase Diagrams 
8.7 Binary Isomorphous Systems 
8.8 Interpretation of Phase Diagrams 
8.9 Development of Microstructure in Isomorphous Alloys 
8.10 Mechanical Properties of Isomorphous Alloys 
8.11 Binary Eutectic Systems  
8.12 Development of Microstructure in Eutectic Alloys  
8.13 Equilibrium Diagrams Having Intermediate Phases or Compounds 
8.14 Eutectoid and Peritectic Reactions  
8.15 The Iron–Iron Carbide (Fe–Fe3C) Phase Diagram 
8.16 Development of Microstructure in Iron–Carbon Alloys 
Phase Transformations  
Learning Objectives: After studying this chapter  you should be able to do the following: 1. Make a schematic fraction transformation versus-logarithm of time plot for a typical solid– solid transformation; cite the equation that describes this behavior. 2. Briefly describe the microstructure for each of the following microconstituents that are found in steel alloys: fine pearlite  coarse pearlite  spheroidite  bainite  martensite  and tempered martensite. 3. C ite the general mechanical characteristics for each of the following microconstituents: fine pearlite  coarse pearlite  spheroidite  bainite  martensite  and tempered martensite; briefly explain these behaviors in terms of microstructure (or crystal structure). 4. Given the isothermal transformation (or continuous-cooling transformation) diagram for some iron–carbon alloy  design a heat treatment that will produce a specified microstructure. 
9.1 Introduction  
9.2 Basic Concepts 
9.3 The Kinetics of Phase Transformations 
9.4 Metastable Versus Equilibrium States 
9.5 Isothermal Transformation Diagrams 
9.6 Continuous-Cooling Transformation Diagrams  
9.7 Mechanical Behavior of Iron–Carbon Alloys 
9.8 Tempered Martensite 
9.9 Review of Phase Transformations and Mechanical Properties for Iron–Carbon Alloys 
9.10 Heat Treatment of Steels